Contamination of Roadside Soil, Plants, and Air With Heavy Metals in Jordan, A Comparative Study

Copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc levels were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in surface soil, plants, and air samples taken from both sides of the major highway connecting Amman with the southern parts of Jordan. Elevated levels of the studied elements were found in both soil and plants on the east side and on the west side of the road compared with the background values. The higher levels of heavy metals east of the road were due to the westerly prevailing wind at the sampling sites. The comtamination decreased exponentially with distance from the edge of the road and dropped to the background level at about 60 m. In soil samples, the average concentrations, 1.5 m east of the highway, were 29.7, 0.75, 188.8 and 121.7 μg/g for Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The levels of these elements in plants 3 m east of the highway were 31.3, 7.3, and 98.7 μg/g for Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively, whereas for air they were 0.40, 0.94, and 0.26 μg/m . The values of the heavy metals suggest that automobiles are a major source of these metals in the roadside environment and also these values were compared with results found by other investigators in various countries worldwide. Finally, the roadside soil and plants had significantly high contents of heavy metals and their levels increased with increasing traffic densities and furthermore, they reached elevated levels in urban areas.